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Spotlight PEPPOL BIS Billing 3.0 The EU e-invoicing mandate is here — France Sept 2026, Belgium Jan 2026, Germany 2025.

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Foundations

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Standards

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Flagship messages

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Tools

JWE

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JWT encryption - payload confidentiality.

Definition

JWE structure: Header.EncryptedKey.IV.Ciphertext.AuthenticationTag separated by '.'. Algorithms: A256GCM (content), RSA-OAEP-256 (key wrap), ECDH-ES (key agreement). More complex than JWS. Used in FAPI 2.0 Advanced, NHS UK identity tokens.

Origin

IETF JOSE WG ; RFC 7516 published May 2015 alongside JWT and JWS.

Example in context

NHS UK uses JWE to transmit patient identifiers between health mobile apps.

  • JWT — parent format.